Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Evolution
Promoting scientific literacy in Evolution through citizen science
Published: 2021-11-02
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Evolutionary understanding is central to biology as a whole. It is also an essential prerequisite to understanding issues in everyday life, such as advances in medicine and global challenges like climate change. Yet, evolution is generally poorly understood by civil society and many misconceptions exist. Citizen science, which has been increasing in popularity as a means to gather new data and [...]
Inferring the history of hybridization: A case study in Iochrominae (Solanaceae)
Published: 2021-11-01
Subjects: Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
This paper tests multiple methods for detecting and localizing hybrids in the genus Iochroma (Solanaceae). We created a series of datasets varying in the amount of expected hybridization, and we included both natural hybrids and a positive control (an artificial hybrid). We found that adding hybrids to the dataset markedly increased discordance and decreased tree certainty, as predicted. [...]
Sex-dependent effects of parental age on offspring fitness in a cooperatively breeding bird
Published: 2021-10-25
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Parental age can have considerable effects on offspring phenotypes and health. However, intergenerational effects may also have longer-term effects on offspring fitness. Few studies have investigated parental age effects on offspring fitness in natural populations while also testing for sex- and environment-specific effects. Further, longitudinal parental age effects may be masked by [...]
Sperm-dependent asexual species matter in ecology and evolution
Published: 2021-10-24
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
In a world of metazoans, where sexual reproduction vastly predominates, asexual organisms are nonetheless very important. The aim of this review is to show that asexuals can have general effects on other species, ecosystems and biological networks via mechanisms that deserve more attention. These include 1) impact on the genepool of coexisting sexual species by either restricting their population [...]
Arboreal locomotion and trophic security at the dawn of Euprimate vision
Published: 2021-10-23
Subjects: Animal Sciences, Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences, Zoology
Primate vision is thought to have evolved in connection with life in the trees. However, several inter-related origins theories—those addressing possible co-evolution with size, predation, diet, daylight, locomotion, and groups—also provide reasonable explanations of their distinct cranial-visual morphology. We hypothesized that demand for high-speed landings in arboreal environments facilitated [...]
Genetic variation in non-structural carbohydrates in Plantago lanceolata is related to mowing intensity but not to regrowth ability
Published: 2021-10-23
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important storage reserves of plants, and they may play a key role in the plants’ ability to recover from disturbance events such as drought, fire, or biomass removal. In managed grasslands, plants regularly experience aboveground biomass removal by grazing or mowing. If NSCs influence plant tolerances to these damages, then land-use intensification could [...]
Transcription factors evolve faster than their structural gene targets in the flavonoid pigment pathway
Published: 2021-10-17
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Evolutionary transitions in flower color often trace back to changes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and its regulators. In angiosperms, this pathway produces a range of red, purple, and blue anthocyanin pigments. Transcription factor (TF) complexes involving members of the MYB, bHLH, and WD40 protein families control the expression of pathway enzymes. Here, we investigate flavonoid pathway [...]
The age of flowering plants is unknown
Published: 2021-10-10
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
The origin of flowering plants (angiosperms) was one of the most transformative events in the history of our planet. Despite considerable interest from multiple research fields, numerous questions remain, including the age of the group as a whole. Recent studies have reported a perplexing range of estimates for the crown-group age of angiosperms, from ca. 140 Ma (Early Cretaceous) to 270 Ma [...]
Detecting (non)parallel evolution in multidimensional spaces: angles, correlations, and eigenanalysis
Published: 2021-10-01
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Parallelism between evolutionary trajectories in a trait space is often seen as evidence for repeatability of phenotypic evolution, and angles between trajectories play a pivotal role in the analysis of parallelism. However, many biologists have been ignorant on properties of angles in multidimensional spaces, and unsound uses of angles are common in the biological literature. To remedy this [...]
Learning from your mistakes: a novel method to predict the response to directional selection
Published: 2021-09-28
Subjects: Animal Sciences, Computational Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Genetics, Genetics and Genomics, Life Sciences, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology
Predicting how populations respond to selection is a key goal of evolutionary biology. The field of quantitative genetics provides predictions for the response to directional selection through the breeder’s equation. However, differences between the observed responses to selection and those predicted by the breeder’s equation occur. The sources of these errors include omission of traits under [...]
Many defense systems in microbial genomes, but which is defending whom from what?
Published: 2021-09-18
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Genetics and Genomics, Life Sciences, Microbiology, Other Microbiology
Prokaryotes have numerous mobile genetic elements (MGE) that mediate horizontal gene transfer between cells. These elements can be costly, even deadly, and cells use numerous defense systems to filter, control or inactivate them. Surprisingly, many phages, conjugative plasmids, and their parasites, phage satellites or mobilizable plasmids, encode defense systems homologous to those of bacteria. [...]
The importance of alternative splicing in adaptive evolution
Published: 2021-09-17
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Although alternative splicing is a ubiquitous gene regulatory mechanism in plants and animals, its contribution to evolutionary transitions is understudied. Splicing enables different mRNA isoforms to be generated from the same gene, expanding transcriptomic and proteomic diversity. While the role of gene expression in adaptive evolution is widely accepted, biologists still debate the functional [...]
Hybridization may promote variation in cognitive phenotypes in experimental guppy hybrids
Published: 2021-09-04
Subjects: Behavior and Ethology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Hybridization is an important mechanism of evolution. While hybrids often express inferior traits and are selected against, hybridization can promote phenotypic variation and produce trait combinations distinct from the parentals, generating novel adaptive potential. Among other traits, hybridization can impact behaviour and cognition and may reinforce species boundaries when hybrids show [...]
How to approach the study of syndromes in macroevolution and ecology
Published: 2021-09-02
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
Syndromes, wherein multiple traits evolve convergently in response to a shared selective driver, form a central concept in ecology and evolution. Recent work has questioned the utility and indeed the existence of some of the classic syndromes, such as pollination and seed dispersal syndromes. Here, we discuss some of the major issues that have plagued research into syndromes in macroevolution. [...]
Decomposing phenotypic skew and its effects on the predicted response to strong selection
Published: 2021-09-01
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences
The major frameworks for predicting evolutionary change assume that a phenotypes underlying genetic and environmental components are normally distributed. However, the predictions of these frameworks may no longer hold if distributions are skewed. Despite this, phenotypic skew has never been decomposed, meaning the fundamental assumptions of quantitative genetics remain untested. Here, we [...]