Daniel W.A. Noble, Fonti Kar, Alex Bush, Frank Seebacher, Shinichi Nakagawa

Climate change causes warmer and more variable temperatures globally, impacting physiological rates and function in ectothermic animals. Acclimation of physiological rates can help maintain function. However, it is unresolved how variance in physiological rates changes with temperature despite its potential ecological and evolutionary importance. We tested whether thermal variation affects physiological traits in ectotherms by conducting a meta-analysis (>1900 effects from 226 species), and applying new effect sizes that quantify how trait mean and variance change as temperature increases. We show that variance in physiological rates increases at higher temperatures, but that the magnitude of change depends on habitat. Freshwater and marine ectotherms are capable of acclimation and have the greatest increase in variance. In contrast, terrestrial ectotherms lack the capacity for acclimation and have smaller increases in variance. Simulations suggest that these patterns may result from differences in among-individual variation in thermal breadth and optima of performance curves across habitats. Our results highlight the greater vulnerability of terrestrial ectotherms to climate change because limited increases in variance may provide less raw material for evolutionary adaptation. Considering both acclimation capacity and variance in physiological rates side-by-side is therefore important for understanding how climate change will impact populations.