Preprints

Filtering by Subject: Life Sciences

Recent advances of quantitative modeling to support invasive species eradication on islands

Christopher Baker, Michael Bode

Published: 2020-09-08
Subjects: Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences, Natural Resources and Conservation, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

The eradication of invasive species from islands is an important part of managing these ecologically unique and at-risk regions. Island eradications are complex projects and mathematical models play an important role in supporting efficient and transparent decision-making. In this review we cover the past applications of modelling to island eradications, which range from large-scale [...]

Urban biodiversity and the importance of scale

Kenta Uchida, Rachel V. Blakey, Joseph Robert Burger, et al.

Published: 2020-09-08
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Many ecological and evolutionary processes are affected by urbanization, but cities vary by orders of magnitude in their human population size and areal extent. To quantify and manage urban biodiversity we must understand both how biodiversity scales with city size, and how ecological, evolutionary, and socioeconomic drivers of biodiversity scale with city size. We show how environmental abiotic [...]

How microbes can, and cannot, be used to assess soil health

Noah Fierer, Stephen A Wood, Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita

Published: 2020-09-07
Subjects: Biodiversity, Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Life Sciences, Life Sciences, Microbiology, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology

Healthy soils are critical to the health of ecosystems, economies, and human populations. Thus, it is widely acknowledged that soil health is important to quantify, both for assessment and as a tool to help guide management strategies. What is less clear is how soil health should actually be measured, especially considering that soil health is not exclusively a product of soil physical and [...]

Filling the Information Gap in Meta-Ecosystem Ecology

Chelsea J. Little, Matteo Rizzuto, Thomas M. Luhring, et al.

Published: 2020-09-01
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Fluxes of matter, energy, and information over space and time contribute to ecosystems’ functioning. The meta-ecosystem framework addresses the dynamics of ecosystems linked by these fluxes, however, to date, meta-ecosystem research focused solely on fluxes of energy and matter, neglecting information. This is problematic due to organisms’ varied responses to information, which influence local [...]

Range-wide factors shaping space use and movements by the Neotropic’s flagship predator: the jaguar

Jeffrey James Thompson, Ronaldo Morato, Bernardo Brandão Niebuhr, et al.

Published: 2020-09-01
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

The range-wide management of the jaguar (Panthera onca) depends upon maintaining core populations connected through multi-national, transboundary cooperation, which is dependent upon understanding the movement ecology and space use of jaguars throughout their range. Using 117 telemetry trajectories from 12 ecoregions, we examined the landscape-level environmental and anthropogenic factors related [...]

Beekeeping in, of, or for the city? A socioecological perspective on urban apiculture

Douglas B Sponsler, Eve Z. Bratman

Published: 2020-08-31
Subjects: Agriculture, Entomology, Environmental Studies, Life Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Urban Studies and Planning

The term “urban beekeeping” has come to connote a host meanings --- sociopolitical, commercial, ecological, personal --- beyond the mere description of where bees and beekeepers happen to coincide. Yet these meanings are seldom articulated explicitly and seldom brought into critical engagement with the relevant fields of urban ecology and political ecology. Beginning with a brief account of the [...]

Removing the bad apples: a simple bioinformatic method to improve loci-recovery in de novo RADseq data for non-model organisms

José Cerca, Marius F. Maurstad, Nicolas Rochette, et al.

Published: 2020-08-31
Subjects: Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, Genetics and Genomics, Genomics, Life Sciences

The restriction site-associated DNA (RADseq) family of protocols involves digesting DNA and sequencing the region flanking the cut site, thus providing a cost and time efficient way for obtaining thousands of genomic markers. However, when working with non-model taxa with few genomic resources, optimization of RADseq wet-lab and bioinformatic tools may be challenging, often resulting in allele [...]

VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIPS: AN OVERVIEW

Mustafa Adhab

Published: 2020-08-31
Subjects: Agriculture, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Microbiology, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Virology

In order to survive in nature, different pathogens follow different procedures to manipulate their host plants for the pathogen favor. Plant viruses are not an exception of this rule. They are often found to alter the host plant traits in the way that affects the community of organisms in the host plant as well as the vectoring insects. It has been indicated that virus-infected plants are more [...]

Unifying individual differences in personality, predictability, and plasticity: a practical guide

Rose E O'Dea, Daniel W.A. Noble, Shinichi Nakagawa

Published: 2020-08-23
Subjects: Behavior and Ethology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences

1. Many animal species show individual differences in behaviour that are partially consistent across repeated measurements. Commonly referred to as personality traits, differences in average behaviours are often correlated across individuals, forming ‘behavioural syndromes’ (e.g. individuals who are more aggressive are also bolder). 2. Generally, differences in the average behaviour of [...]

Investigating sex differences in genetic relatedness in great-tailed grackles in Tempe, Arizona to infer potential sex biases in dispersal (version 5 of this preprint has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Ecology [https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.ecology.100074])

August Sevchik, Corina J Logan, Kelsey McCune, et al.

Published: 2020-08-23
Subjects: Behavior and Ethology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences

In most bird species, females disperse prior to their first breeding attempt, while males remain closer to the place they hatched for their entire lives. Explanations for such female bias in natal dispersal have focused on the resource-defense based monogamous mating system that is prevalent in most birds. In this system, males are argued to benefit from philopatry because knowing the local [...]

A systematic review of ecological responses to variation in seasonal snow cover

Rachel Slatyer, Kate Umbers, Pieter Andrew Arnold

Published: 2020-08-21
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology

Seasonal snow is among the most important factors governing the ecology of many terrestrial ecosystems, but rising global temperatures are changing snow regimes and driving widespread declines in the depth and duration of snow cover. Loss of the insulating snow layer will fundamentally change the environment. Understanding how individuals, populations, and communities respond to different snow [...]

Differential effects of steroid hormones on levels of genetic variance in a wild bird: possible mechanism of maternal-effects x genetic variance interaction?

Szymon Marian Drobniak, Joanna Sudyka, Mariusz Cichoń, et al.

Published: 2020-08-20
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences

Genetic variation is one of the key concepts in evolutionary biology and an important prerequisite of evolutionary change. Still, we know very little about processes that modulate its levels in wild populations. In particular – we still are to understand why genetic variances often depend on environmental conditions. One of possible environment-sensitive modulators of observed levels of genetic [...]

Studies of insect temporal trends must account for the complex sampling histories inherent to many long-term monitoring efforts

Ellen A R Welti, Anthony Joern, Aaron M Ellison, et al.

Published: 2020-08-20
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Entomology, Life Sciences, Population Biology

In a recently published study, Crossley et al. (2020, Nature Ecology & Evolution, “No net insect abundance and diversity declines across US Long Term Ecological Research sites”) examine patterns of change in insect abundance and diversity across US Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites, concluding “a lack of overall increase or decline”. This is notable if true, given mixed conclusions [...]

Diet modulates components of animal personality in house sparrows: insights into a possible hormone-mediated mechanism

Szymon Marian Drobniak, Agnieszka Gudowska

Published: 2020-08-18
Subjects: Behavior and Ethology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences

Animals do not eat whatever food item they find. They usually balance the intake of key nutrients, for example, essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by animals and must be provided in the diet. However, ability to gain optimal ratios, proportions, and amounts of nutrients may be hampered by a changing environment, competitive conspecifics or species, and predators. Here, we used an [...]

Adaptation, Local Frequency-Dependent and Global Frequency-Independent Selection

Pierrick Bourrat

Published: 2020-08-18
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Life Sciences, Population Biology

There is a tension between, on the one hand, the view that natural selection produces adaptations, and on the other hand, the theoretical results showing that the links between natural selection are weakened in different evolutionary scenarios such as situations of (negative) frequency-dependent selection or more generally in situations where fitnesses are not constant. If these results are taken [...]

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