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Embryos are largely understudied in conservation physiology

Embryos are largely understudied in conservation physiology

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Authors

Patrice Pottier , Nicholas C Wu , Madison L Earhart, Malgorzata Lagisz , Katharina Alter, Rafael Angelakopoulos, Avishikta Chakraborty, Zara-Louise Cowan, Shaun S Killen, Jamie C.S. McCoy, Estefany Caroline Guevara-Molina, Marta Moyano, Amanda K Pettersen, Luca Pettinau, Daniel M Ripley, Bao-Jun Sun, Ramakrishnan Vasudeva, Katharina Ruthsatz

Abstract

Understanding how animals respond to environmental stressors across their life cycle is essential for predicting species’ vulnerability to climate change. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to quantify the variation in research effort on different life stages in the field of conservation physiology. Specifically, we reviewed experimental studies measuring physiological and life-history responses to climatic stressors across three scientific journals: Conservation Physiology, Journal of Thermal Biology, and Journal of Experimental Biology. Our systematic map of 1,276 studies revealed a pronounced underrepresentation of studies on embryos, representing only 8-9% of studies. This pattern was remarkably consistent across all axes considered (i.e., journals, taxonomic groups, physiological traits, and environmental stressors). We also found that 80% of studies only investigated single life stages, and over 5% of studies did not clearly report the life stage(s) used. Despite the increasing recognition of the ecological importance and sensitivity of early life stages to environmental stressors, we found no evidence that research on embryos has gained traction over the past decade (2013-2024). We argue that these ontogenetic biases likely reflect a combination of historical precedents and enduring methodological and logistical constraints that continue to shape research agendas. To build a more holistic understanding across the life cycle, we: i) call for a paradigm shift placing embryos at the center of experimental agendas, ii) outline emerging methodological advances that increase the feasibility of research on early life stages, iii) demonstrate how studies on embryos can navigate ethical considerations for animal research, iv) highlight perspectives for future evidence syntheses and study reporting, and v) promote investigations of the mechanisms underlying physiological variation across ontogeny. Closing the ontogenetic gap will be key to improving our ability to predict population-level impacts of climate change and guiding more effective conservation and management interventions.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.32942/X2KP96

Subjects

Biodiversity, Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Marine Biology, Physiology

Keywords

Literature review, systematic review map, early-life stages, embryonic development, life history, egg, global change, environmental change, environmental stress, reproduction, Life cycle, climate change, conservation physiology, experimental study, Systematic map, life stages, embryos, embryonic, ontogenetic bias, ontogeny

Dates

Published: 2025-08-21 08:43

License

CC BY Attribution 4.0 International

Additional Metadata

Language:
English

Data and Code Availability Statement:
All data, code, and materials are freely available at https://github.com/p-pottier/Cons_phys_life_stages, and will be archived in Zenodo upon acceptance.