Thijs Kuiken, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Ashley Banyard, Lineke Begeman, Andrew Breed, Meagan Dewar, Ruben Fijn, Patricia Pereira Serafini, Marcela Uhart, Michelle Wille

The currently circulating high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the subtype H5 causes variable illness and death in wild and domestic birds and mammals, as well as in humans. This virus evolved from the Goose/Guangdong lineage of HPAI H5 virus, which emerged in commercial poultry in China in 1996, spilled over into wild birds, and spread through Asia, Europe, Africa and North America by 2021, causing the deaths of hundreds of millions of poultry and likely millions of wild birds. Our objective was to summarize the spread and impact of HPAI H5 virus in wild birds and mammals in South America, evaluate the risk of its spread and potential impact in Antarctic wildlife, and consider actions to manage the current and future HPAI outbreaks in wildlife. We found in our review that the virus arrived in South America in October 2022, followed by wide and rapid spread throughout the continent, where it infected at least 83 wild bird species and 11 wild mammal species, and is estimated to have killed at least 667,000 wild birds and 52,000 wild mammals. HPAI H5 virus spread to the Antarctic region by October 2023 and to mainland Antarctica by December 2023, associated with multiple mortality events in seabirds and marine mammals. The high spatial density of colonies of various Antarctic species of birds and mammals provides conditions for potentially devastating outbreaks with severe conservation implications. Ecosystem-level impacts may follow and affected populations may take decades to recover. Although little can be done to stop virus spread in wildlife, it is important to continue targeted surveillance of wildlife populations for HPAI H5 virus incursion, and assessment of the spread and impact of disease, both to provide information for wildlife managers to adapt conservation plans, and to help policymakers mitigate and prevent future HPAI outbreaks.