Robert R Junker, Nina Farwig

A world without microorganisms would lack essential processes that support life. The degradation or loss of microbiomes will lead to severe disruptions in ecosystems, nutrient cycling, and the climate; failures in food production; and crises in animal and human health. Yet, microbes remain largely excluded from nature conservation efforts. Current microbial management predominantly relies on the use of antibiotics and other destructive practices, while anthropogenic perturbations additionally accelerate the decline of microbial diversity. In this perspective, we argue that traditional conservation goals benefit from the inclusion of microbes and propose adaptations to existing conservation frameworks that account for the unique characteristics of microbial life. Achieving successful microbial conservation requires closing critical research gaps, implementing supportive legislation at national and international levels, and conducting risk assessments. This perspective serves as a call to action to establish a framework for microbial conservation, set measurable and effective goals, and foster public support through education and outreach.