Y Nishida

Living systems evolve through interactions with the environment, which are nonequilibrium processes that resist the law of increasing entropy in the environment and maintain their organization by exhausting an entropy inflow from the environment. Although several principles have been proposed to explain the nonequilibrium processes of living systems and the mechanism of entropy extraction, a unified principle has not yet been elucidated. In this study, different concepts in mathematics, physics, system biology are combined to understand and abstract dynamics of biological phenomena. Therefore, in chapter 1, topological geometry and continuum mechanics are used to explain the dynamics of such life phenomena and environmental changes. In chapter 2, Some models describing dynamics of some structures, elements and flows are indicated to explain the mechanism of entropy pumping in living systems. In chapter 3, some charts are used to analyze dynamics of entropy in biological phenomena. In addition, the dynamics between probability and state are considered. Then, some factors are discussed to analyze the mechanisms that support the recursiveness and stability of life phenomena. Furthermore, existing principles are implemented to describe the micro- and macro-mechanisms and dynamics that support the space-time stability and evolution of living systems. Finally, through by these considerations and analyses, we present a general descriptive model to explain of the life phenomenon as a system. Moreover, it is considered and analyzed for which the dynamics and functionality of fractal structures and related principles relevant to chaotic behavior at many scales.