Selfish, promiscuous, and sometimes useful: how mobile genetic elements drive horizontal gene transfer in microbial populations

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Authors

Eduardo P. C. Rocha, Matthieu Haudiquet, Jorge Moura de Sousa, Marie Touchon

Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) drives microbial adaptation but is often under the control of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) whose interests are not necessarily aligned with those of their hosts. In general, transfer is costly to the donor cell while potentially beneficial to the recipients. The diversity and plasticity of cell-MGEs interactions, and those among MGEs, results in complex evolutionary processes where the source, or even the existence of selection for maintaining a function in the genome is often unclear. For example, MGE-driven HGT depends on cell envelope structures and defense systems, but many of these are transferred by MGEs themselves. MGEs can spur periods of intense gene transfer by increasing their own rates of horizontal transmission upon communicating, eavesdropping, or sensing the environment and the host physiology. This may result on high-frequency transfer of host genes unrelated with the MGE. Here, we review how MGEs drive HGT and how their transfer mechanisms, selective pressures, and genomic traits affect gene flow, and therefore adaptation, in microbial populations. The encoding of many adaptive niche-defining microbial traits in MGEs means that intragenomic conflicts and alliances between cells and their MGEs are key to microbial functional diversification.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.32942/osf.io/7t2jh

Subjects

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Evolution, Genetics and Genomics, Genomics, Life Sciences, Microbiology, Other Microbiology

Keywords

Bacterial evolution, Genetic conflicts, horizontal gene transfer, Mobile genetic elements

Dates

Published: 2021-12-04 20:00

Last Updated: 2021-12-07 12:43

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License

CC-By Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International