Kirsty H. Macphie, Jelmer Menno Samplonius, Joel L Pick, Jarrod Hadfield, Albert Phillimore 

Advances in spring phenology are among the clearest biological responses to climate warming. In the ephemeral temperate deciduous forest food webs, at the vanguard of research on temperature’s effect on trophic interactions, most work has focused on the average timing of phenological events. In comparison, effects of temperature on the abundance of individuals and their seasonal spread is understudied, despite the potential for profound impacts on trophic interactions. Here we use a new method to show that for the guild of forest caterpillars, warmer spring conditions not only advance the timing of the phenological distribution of abundance by -4.96 days oC-1, but also increase its height by 34% oC-1. This increase in the maximum density of caterpillars with rising temperatures is likely to have major implications for both herbivory pressure and the resources available to secondary consumers.