Masting breakdown in European beech reduces fitness benefits of masting, partly explained by climate change

Cherine C. Jantzen , Joseph B. Burant , Marlène Gamelon , Elisabeth S. Bakker, Marcel E. Visser 

1. Masting, which corresponds to highly synchronized but temporally variable seed production, is initiated by weather cues and is thus highly sensitive to climate change. Changes in these cues can lead to a masting breakdown, resulting in a reduction of the fitness benefits of masting through decreasing pollination efficiency and increasing predation risk for seeds.
2. Here, for the first time, we use 50 years of individual tree data on annual seed production of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in the Netherlands to assess temporal changes in masting patterns and their consequences for the selective benefits of masting. Additionally, we use a novel approach to identify which weather cues initiate reproduction, assess their temporal changes, and test whether they account for the observed changes in masting.
3. We show that synchrony and inter-annual variation in beechnut production have declined, resulting in a masting breakdown in the mid-2000s, since which there has been constant, but low, seed production each year. Consequently, predation risk increased more than three-fold, while pollination became less efficient, together reducing the fitness benefits of masting. Seed production was driven by precipitation and temperatures in the year of seed fall and the two preceding years, but the periods within the year in which trees respond to each climate variable differ in both timing and duration. Interestingly, only temperature, not precipitation, has changed over time, but this change only partly explained the observed changes in masting patterns.
4. Synthesis. Masting breakdown is shown across the species range, but its fitness consequences remain understudied, because detailed, individual-level, long-term data are required but still rare. By using such a dataset, we here provide crucial evidence for the negative consequences of masting breakdown for beeches through reduced pollination efficiency and increasing predation risk. Using a new methodology, we further underline the strong effects of weather cues on reproduction, while showing that changing climate alone cannot be driving the masting breakdown and must interact with currently unidentified factors.