Functional or Dysfunctional? A Refreshed Perspective on Functional Feeding Groups

Finlay Ryder, Fredric M. Windsor

Functional feeding groups (FFGs), introduced in the 1970s, provided a framework for understanding freshwater ecosystems by classifying macroinvertebrates according to feeding mode and diet. Since then, the FFG approach has been widely applied and has significantly advanced our knowledge of ecosystem processes and functions. However, the framework represents a simplified view of complex trophic interactions, ecological networks, and ecosystem functioning, and its misuse can lead to misleading conclusions. Addressing contemporary challenges in freshwater ecology requires updated approaches and methodologies. In this paper, we offer a renewed perspective on the FFG framework, outlining its limitations and providing guidance on contexts where its application is appropriate—and where it is not. Finally, we propose a framework that relaxes key assumptions of the original model and incorporates emerging technologies, enabling deeper insights into the dynamic trophic interactions of freshwater macroinvertebrates.